Knitted fabrics Essay Example for Free

Knitted fabrics Essay Weft-knitting fabric is made from continuous lengths of yarn, which is fed across the width of the fabric by a series of needles. Weft knits can be unravelled and if a stitch is dropped it will run down the length of the fabric, so weft-knitting fabric cannot be cut like woven fabric. This kind of knitting produces soft, comfortable that has variable stretch, depending on the structure. Hand made weft knitting can be make one off designer products, such as jumpers or cushions industrial computer-controlled knitting machines produced around 90 per cent of jersey, rib and jacquard fabrics. Warp-knitting fabrics are made on straight or circular CAD/CAM knitting machines. Each loop of the fabric is fed by its own separate yarn, which is fed into the knitting zone parallel to the fabric selvedge. These loops interlock vertically, along the length of the fabric. Warp knits have some elasticity, do not ladder and cant be unravelled. Although they can be cut like woven fabrics, warp knits have a limited application for clothing being mainly used for swimwear leisure and underwear linings laces ribbons and trimmings they are also used for net curtains furnishing and bed linen. Warp knits are mainly used in industrial end- uses including geotextiles. This is the most used weave construction, which can provide endless design variation though the use of plain, thick, and thin, fancy and coloured yarns plain weave is strong firm, and hardwearing and is used for many types of fabrics and end-uses, i. e. calico, gingham, muslin. calico is plain weave low-cost cotton fabric, made in different weights and widths, suitable for experimental textiles work. A fashion designer will often use calico to make a prototype garment to help in the development of the flat pattern for a new design. Interior designers sometimes used calico foe making low-budget furnishing. Voile is a lightweight plain weave sheer fabric made from cotton, silk, rayon, nylon or worsted. It used for blouses, dresses, childrens wear, and curtains. Ripstop nylon is a high performance plain weave fabric in witch some of the warp and weft are doubled up at intervals in a warp and weft. Twill weave products fabric with diagonal lines witch generally run bottom left to top right on the fabric face. Weaving twills in different directions produces weave variations, such as herringbone or chevron. Twill weave drapes well and is one of the most used weave constructions, making fabrics such as gabardine or denim. Twill is used for a wide range of products such as jackets, suit, trousers and curtains. viyella is a 2/2 twill fabric woven from wool/cotton blend fibres in the warp and weft. Viyella fabrics are 55%wool 45%cotton and can have plain, checked or striped they are used for products such as shirts dresses and childrens wear.

Benefits of Essential Oils

Benefits of Essential Oils Whenever possible, I prefer to deal with the various ailments and injuries I encounter by using essential oils rather than synthetic treatments or remedies. Essential oils are not only very effective at treating sickness and injury, but also provide the peace of mind that can only come with using an all-natural remedy. Natural substances like essential oils are easily metabolized by the body. In fact, your body knows exactly how to deal with them and thrives on them. Unlike synthetic drugs, after an essential oil performs its natural healing function, it travels on to the liver and kidney and moves easily and gently out of the body, without attaching itself to various tissues. Which essential oils have the maximum healing effect? Obviously, the essential oil that you choose will depend on the condition you seek to treat. As you experiment with various oils and application methodologies, pay attention to which of these satisfy your unique, personal needs and tastes. Here are some of the essential oils that are known to have maximum healing effects. Lavender Lavender is the one of the most known essential oils. It is used to cut down the healing time for cuts, bites and stings. The nice thing about lavender is that is does not require a carrier, it can be applied straight to the affected area. Peppermint Not only will peppermint cool you off during a fever, but it will also fight nausea and tummy trouble, whether it is morning or motion sickness. You can also pair peppermint and lavender oil up and apply it to your temples; doing so will lessen the intensity of headaches and migraines. Another use for peppermint oil is to help combat insect invasions. Doing this is simple; just add a few drops of peppermint oil to hot water and wipe any surfaces with a peppermint-infused clothe. Peppermint oil is also used to treat indigestion, respiratory problems, bowel spasms and pain, asthma, intestinal gas and more. Eucalyptus Another popular essential oil is eucalyptus. It is the most powerful antibacterial, antiviral and antispasmodic. To use it for this effect, all you have to do is add a few drops to a basin of steaming water to inhale, or add a few drops to a vaporizer. This can help disinfect and clear both your nasal passages and lungs. You can also add a few drops to a cloth, or a bandana, and inhale the oil throughout the day; doing this during cold season will also help prevent a cold. Tea tree Just like eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil is also a powerful antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiseptic. Using tea tree oil is very simple, all you have to do is add a few drops with a carrier oil and apply it directly to the affected area. This can help treat scrapes, cuts, infections, insect bites, warts and even flaky scalp or dry skin. Also, if you have acne, you can mix tea tree oil with coconut oil or aloe vera gel as an effective acne treatment. This great oil also helps loosen chest congestion. To do so, just add a few drops to a vaporizer. Another cold-like symptom that can be treated with tea tree oil is a sore throat, just put a few drops of the oil on your tongue every hour or so and the symptoms should disappear. You can also add a few drops to warm water and gargle with it. Another great use for this oil is removal of plantar warts. To get rid of these warts, put the oil right on the wart and massage it in and when it is dry, put socks on. The best way to do this is before bed- apply it, let it dry, and put socks on for fifteen to twenty minutes, but do not wear the socks to bed. Roman chamomile This essential oil is not only good for it’s scent, but it is also a very powerful anti-inflammatory. If you are experiencing red, sensitive or inflamed, acne-prone skin, this oil can help you out. It is a lot kinder than tea tree oil, so it is ideal for those with sensitive, delicate skin. Also, a few drops of roman chamomile can be added to an antibacterial carrier oil, such as coconut oil, to help treat and soothe diaper rash and eczema. Lemon Lemon essential oil is a powerful bactericide and treats minor cuts and wounds. It is also known to brighten dull skin, help immunity and is even used in antibacterial cleansers. Lemon oil is also known for its ability to clear toxins from the body. Frankincense Next up is the â€Å"king† of all oils, frankincense. You can also combine this oil with other oils to get better results and a more effective healing. Frankincense has even been known for its ability to kill cancer cells. More simply, it is used for skin inflammation, rashes, and brings about focus and clarity. Sesame Another essential oil is sesame oil. This oil is best known for its moisturizing qualities. Sesame oil contains fatty acids, which are believed to reduce stress and blood pressure. This essential oil has even shown to assist in slowing the growth of cancer in cells as long as your diet is rich in vegetables. Rose This oil can work to improve the hormonal balance and can treat problems like PMS and menopause. This oil is also known for counteracting bedroom problems and improving the health in your skin. Geranium Geranium essential oil is known for it’s astringent properties. Apart from refreshing the skin, this oil features styptic effects, which calm inflammation and stop hemorrhaging. This oil can also be used for treating acne, managing oily skin, boosting blood circulation, and reducing bloating. Other than this, this oil is helpful in reducing scars, blemishes, wrinkles and fine lines. Pine Pine oil has antiseptic, antibacterial, and analgesic properties. Pine oil is also known to treat skin problems, such as psoriasis, eczema and pimples. You can also use pine essential oil to speed up your metabolism, aid in food poisoning, ease joint pain and arthritis, kill germs, as well as battle respiratory problems that come with cold season. Clove Clove oil also has powerful healing properties, making it useful for use as an antiseptic. This oil needs a carrier oil for its functioning, so just dilute a few drops of this essential oil in your choice of carrier and you can treat bug bites, cuts, and scrapes. Apart from this, this oil can help clear earaches, digestion problems, nasal congestion, stomachaches, and headaches. As an additional bonus, it’s an aphrodisiac. This means that it has stress-relieving properties. Rosemary Another great essential oil is rosemary oil. According to scientific studies, rosemary essential oil has been shown to help in keeping the brain optimally functional. The act of simply smelling rosemary essential oil helps in memory recall. Essential oils and their usefulness in several common health conditions Below mentioned are some of the common ailments and the essential oils you can use for relief: Hangover Pine, Grapefruit, Juniper and Cypress Rosemary essential oils Heartburn Chamomile (German), Marjoram, Peppermint essential oils Indigestion Ginger, Coriander, Cardamom and Lemon Peppermint essential oils Insect repellent Citronella, Lavender, Cedarwood, Eucalyptus and Peppermint Sandalwood essential oils Anti-Coagulant Geranium essential oil Anti-Venomous Basil, Thyme essential oils Aphrodisiac Aniseed, Angelica, Black Pepper, Basil, Clary Sage, Cinnamon, Clove, Jasmine, Pimento, Ginger, Nutmeg, Rosewood, Thyme, Sandalwood, Ylang-Ylang and Vetivert essential oils. Expectorant Coriander, Flatulence, Thyme, Sandalwood, Peppermint, Pine, Parsley, Myrrh, Hyssop, Garlic, Cedarwood, Cajuput, Bergamot, Basil and Angelica essential oils. Hypertension Camphor, Rosemary, Hyssop and Thyme essential oils Hay Fever Lavender, Eucalyptus, Chamomile and Melissa essential oils Rheumatism Cedarwood, Black Pepper, Chamomile, Coriander, Cloves, Frankincense, Eucalyptus, Lavender, Ginger, Lemon, Rosemary and Pine essential oils Tonsillitis Lavender and Tea Tree essential oils Toothache Chamomile (Roman), Clove and Peppermint essential oils Influenza Ravensara, Melissa, Thyme, Oregano, Frankincense, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Tea Tree, Lavender, Sage, Lemon, and Rosemary essential oils How to use essential oils for best possible healing Here are some of the best ways you can use essential oils for maximum healing effect: Use in a diffuser Place about 10 drops of essential oil in a diffuser. Follow the guidelines of the manufacturer and inhale accordingly. Essential oils must not be directly burned. Inhale the steam Add 2 to 5 drops of essential oil into a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over your head covering the bowl water and breathe deeply. It is essential to keep the eyes closed during this process. This technique is not really suggested for children younger than 7 years of age. Children more than 7 years of age can use swimming goggles to guard their eyes. Dry Evaporation Place 5 drops of essential oil over a cotton ball or tissue allowing the oil to evaporate into the air. To get a more intense dose, sniff the cotton ball. Otherwise, just keep the cotton ball at a distance of few feet from your face. Use in a spray Add five to ten drops of essential oil to water in a tiny spray bottle, shake, and then spray into the air and inhale. Massage While using essential oils topically, it is important to note that essential oils should not be applied to the skin in undiluted forms. When diluted, the concentration should not be higher than 3 to 5 percent. To put it differently, if you use 3 drops of essential oil, you must dilute it with one teaspoon of carrier oil. To be on the safer side, start with a 1% solution, or 1 drop of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil. The exceptions: lavender, sandalwood, ylang ylang and myrrh and tea tree oils usually do not require dilution. Add essential oil to your favorite carrier oil with 3% concentration (at most 3 drops per teaspoon of carrier oil) and apply to your skin gently. You can massage your entire body or only the area affected. Spot Application Mix 1 to 3 drops of essential oil in 1 teaspoon of carrier oil or natural aloe vera and apply to the spot that needs attention. Compress Fill a basin with water. Add 3 to 5 drops of essential oil in the water and stir briskly. Soak a washcloth in water, wring, and apply to the affected area. Do this at least three more times. Leave the last compress in place for five minutes. Bath Add 20 to 40 drops of essential oil to bath water. Also, add a few tablespoons of milk or cream to serve as a dispersant. For the reason that bath allows the oil to be easily absorbed in the skin, this is among one of my personal favorite methods. Gargle Add one drop of essential oil per ounce of water. Mix, then gargle and swish out the solution. Do not swallow. Few essential oil blends to get you started When working with blends and carrier oils, never use more than a total of 10% of essential oils in your blend. This is the essential oils to carrier oil ratio used in most commercial consumer blends. Now let’s take a look at some of my favorite blends! Muscle and Joint Blend Topical 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Rosemary 10 drops Basil Relaxation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Marjoram 4 drops Chamomile (German) 4 drops Clary Sage 12 drops Lavender Circulation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Juniper berry 4 drops Frankincense 4 drops Ginger 4 drops Cypress 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Geranium Vein and Artery Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Myrrh 4 drops Lemon 4 drops Sandalwood 4 drops Neroli 4 drops Geranium 4 drops Cypress Sunburn Blend Topical 4 drops Chamomile 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Peppermint 12 drops Lavender Minor Cuts and Scrapes Blend Topical 10 drops Tea Tree 10 drops Lavender Menstrual Cramps Blend Internal 7 drops Lavender 7 drops Rosemary 7 drops Melissa Congestion Blend Inhalation 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Ravensara 15 drops Eucaplyptus Antibacterial Blend Topical 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Basil 12 drops Tea Tree Antimicrobial Blend Topical 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Lemongrass 12 drops Rosemary Antiseptic Blend Topical 10 drops Rosemary 10 drops Lavender Antiviral Blend Topical 4 drops Clove 4 drops Thyme 12 drops Peppermint 12 drops Sandalwood Headache Blend – Inhalation or Internal 7 drops Marjoram 7 drops Basil 7 drops Peppermint Immunity Blend Internal 14 drops Lemon 7 drops Thyme Arthritis Blend – Topical or Inhalation 7 drops Juniper 7 drops Eucalyptus 7 drops Basil 7 drops Cypress 14 drops Chamomile Burns Blend Topical 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Lavender 4 drops Geranium 12 drops Chamomile Colds and Flu Blend – Internal or Inhalation 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Lavender 12 drops Cinnamon Essential oils for specific diseases Essential oils that can help in the treatment of cancer Grapefruit essential oil Grapefruit oil is packed with Ascorbic Acid, which is ideal for detoxifying our bodies, and is therefore valuable for the improving the defense mechanisms of the body. You can use this oil internally. Thyme essential oil Thyme oil is really a powerful defense mechanism booster and may help fight problems like cancer. As a urinary antiseptic, it is also good for cystitis and urethritis. You can use this oil internally. Some essential oils that stimulate white blood cell production: Pine, lemon, lavender, sandalwood, chamomile, Bergamot and myrrh tea tree, and thyme essential oils can help stimulate the white blood cell production in body. Essential oils for broken bones Topically apply Cypress, Helichrysum (most significant for broken bones), and White Fir over the injured area two to three times per day. If you have ligament or tendon damage, add Lemongrass. When there is muscle damage, add Marjoram. Essential oils for broken tendons Wintergreen essential oil While Wintergreen is not a very popular oil, it is incredibly good at treating broken tendons and pain cramps. You can use this oil topically or inhale for maximum benefit. Vetiver essential oil This oil is well known for its healing effects on muscles and tendons. Use this oil topically, internally, or by inhalation. Essential oils for cold sores Roman chamomile essential oil This oil can be a powerful anti-inflammatory, so it will be the best option for cold sores. This oil is also a good bactericide that can kill the bacteria responsible for causing cold sores. Frankincense essential oil Used heavily in biblical times, this oil operates at deeper levels of the skin to deliver maximum healing. Frankincense has proven to help combat skin inflammation, rashes and cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Cypress essential oil Cypress oil is anti-antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, so that it is a powerful tool to address cold sores. Use this oil topically. Helichrysum essential oil This oil is highly anti-inflammatory and calming. This oil is regenerative and its pain reducing properties and analgesic effects make it a powerful solution for cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Essential oils for lung healing Ravintsara, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Birch and Lemon are known to give strength to the lungs. Any blend carrying these oils can fight respiratory infections and alleviate symptoms of diseases related to the lungs. Essential oils for acne and scars Lavender essential oil Lavender oil has antibacterial and antiviral properties, which could reduce the healing time for acne and other skin conditions. It doesn’t need a carrier oil. You can apply it directly on the impacted area. Obviously, topical use can get you the best results in this case. Tea tree oil Tea tree oil is powerful antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial oil. Only a few drops blended with carrier oil is all you need to disinfect the acne on your body. Manuka essential oil This oil is perfect for treating skin conditions like acne due to its antifungal qualities. It promotes faster healing of the skin. Conclusion I hope that you find whatever relief you seek in your healing journey with the incredible power of essential oils. Remember that essential oils are like water. You don’t drink just once and then never again. Instead, healing with essential oils is an ongoing process to nourish and replenish your body and soul with these astonishing elixirs. Best of luck and happy healing!

Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Essays Papers

Teaching Philosophy I take a completely humanistic view when it comes to educating children. I believe that Maslow was correct in his belief that people genuinely strive to reach the highest level of their capabilities. I also believe that everyone can reach his/her "self-actualization" if their lower hierarchy of needs are met first. I want to focus on three things: Maslow's levels, how they affect children and educators, and what I feel is the best tool we can give our students before they head out into the world of independence. The first level of Maslow's pyramid is basic physiological needs. I know that not every child will walk into my classroom having these needs fulfilled, and for me to expect them to gain much if anything from a lesson would be foolish. I am also very aware of the fact that I, myself, have never been truly hungry. I have never gone a day without food. It is very hard to understand the hunger someone else feels when you have never experienced that all consuming thought of food firsthand. These are needs that are often believed to be the parent's responsibility and maybe they are, but I am going to try my best to be a compassionate enough person to not waste my time judging my student's parents and simply help that child fulfill his/her basic needs. The second level is the need to feel safe. This is something I truly feel I can control. A student may not feel safe at home, in his/her neighborhood, in the hallways of the school, or even on the playground, but I will do everything in my power to instill a sense of community in my classroom so that my students understand that we have to work together to make our classroom a safe haven. This isn't just for the children's sake either. I... ...r own. In essence, we help put the individuality in small individuals. Lastly, the greatest tool we can give to our children and students is the ability to be a good decision maker. The ability to make good decisions does not happen overnight. Children have to be given choices. Starting with deciding between one piece of candy and another, and then working up from there. Some people may seem to have been born with this unique gift, but in truth, people have to be taught to weigh the pros and cons of a situation before taking action. They have to practice this process routinely. Controlling one's impulsive-decision behavior and patiently working a problem through to a sound conclusion takes years of conditioning one's minds. We, as teachers and parents, have thirteen years of school to aid children in learning this important lesson. I say, "Let's get to work".

Cry, The Beloved Country: The Breakdown And Rebuilding Of South Africa :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Cry, The Beloved Country: The Breakdown and Rebuilding of South African Society â€Å"...what God has not done for South Africa man must do.† pg. 25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book, Cry, the Beloved Country, written by Alan Paton, some major conflicts follow the story from beginning to end. Two of these conflicts would be as follows; first, the breakdown of the ever so old and respected tribe; and second, the power of love and compassion and how that it can rebuild broken relationships. This story gives the reader the perfect perspective in learning about the injustices that have taken place in South Africa, and it gives us a sense of the trials and hardships the blacks went through then. Cry, is a story about a Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and how he sets out to bring his family back together. While he sets out about doing this he realizes that his family is completely in the shambles and his family has strayed from the church and tribal traditions. Kumalo eventually learns to deal with this and while he is doing this, he makes a friend, James Jarvis, that changes the way he has looked on life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tribal breakdown starts to show in book I, with the land that the tribe must use and how the people have used up the natural resources that used to lay there. The whites pushed them out of where they used to reside where the land is so good that it could be even referred to as â€Å"holy, being even as it came from the Creator.† (pg. 3). In the rural areas such as this the decay comes as a result of making the blacks live in confined areas where the land is so bad it can't be farmed any more, and the taking of the strong males out of these areas to go work in the mines were things are unsafe and people rarely return. Because of this, the people leave the tribe to go on the roads to travel to Johannesburg, because â€Å"All roads lead to Johannesburg.† (pg. 10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Kumalo arrives in Johannesburg he finally realizes what a problem he has stepped into. He realizes that nobody in his family, neither brothers, sisters, sons and daughters, even cousins, have any moral ties with each other anymore. He sees his brother get caught up in worldly beliefs, such as: fame, money, power, greed and lying. He also sees his sister and his son living in a horrible life of crime and sin. Kumalo even starts to lose hope for his son, he states that â€Å"I can do nothing here, let us go.

The Argument of Romans Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Wrath of God Revealed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul began his argument of Romans by proving that the Gentiles are sinners before God. Although God has revealed His truth to them, they have suppressed it, resulting in the darkness of their inner man and rebellion against God to the point of worshipping animals (1:18-23). As a result God gave them over to do the desires of their heart (1:24, 26): idolatry (1:25) and homosexuality (1:26-27). Seeing that they had no desire to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a depraved mind to do every sort of evil (1:28-31). The Jews Condemned Judgement According to Works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul also addressed the Jews specifically warning them that if God judged the Gentiles who suppressed the revelation they had received, the Jews should not believe that they would escape the judgement of God simply because they had received the Law of Moses. These Jews were judging others for things that they did themselves, thinking they would escape punishment because they were Jews (2:1-3). Paul warned that they were storing up God’s wrath against themselves because they would not repent for their sins (2:4-5). God rewards or punishes individuals based on their works, not on their ethnic background or on their knowledge of the Law (2:6-13). Paul argued that the Gentile’s conscience would serve as the basis for their judgement (2:14-16) and the Law would serve as the basis for judgement for the Jew. Circumcision of the Heart   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul continued to condemn the Jew for feeling superior to the Gentiles because of their entrustment to the special revelation of the Law, even though the whole time they were being hypocrites by not living by the Law themselves (2:17-22). They were dishonoring God and giving the Gentiles reason to blaspheme God (2:23-24). Some thought that being circumcised justified their actions, but Paul made it clear that the Law only had value to those who lived by it, not to those who simply possessed it (2:25). If the uncircumcised lived by the Law, his actions would make it as though he was circumcised, and he would be able to judge the circumcised who only profess the Law (2:26-27). To be a true Jew is not only a matter of lineage but also a matter of having circumcision of the heart and whose praise comes from God rather than man (2:28-29). Therefo... ...5:1-6). Instead of rejecting one another over differences of opinion, the Jews and Gentiles were to accept each other, seeing that both groups of people are involved in God's plan (15:7-13). Reason for Paul’s Delay in Coming to Rome Salutation's to many people at Rome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Paul was convinced of the churches spiritual maturity, he wrote to them to explain his reason for not coming to them sooner, and expressed his future travel plans, which included a trip to Rome (15:17-24). This trip would take place after he delivered the collection he was gathering to the saints at Jerusalem (15:25-29); a trip that Paul asked the Romans to help him with in prayer (15:30-33). Having finished his exhortations and commands, Paul finished his epistle by sending greetings to many individuals at the church in Rome (16:1-16), warning of false-teachers (16:17-20), sending greeting from his fellow-laborers (16:21), and giving glory to the God who was able to strengthen the church, and disclosed the mystery of the church to bring many to faith (16:25-27). WORKS CITED Baker, Bruce. Romans, class notes. Fall 2001 King James Study Bible, The. Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1988.

Person-centred care Essay

1.1Describe person centred approaches. The term ‘person-centred care’ does exactly what it says – it essentially places the person at the heart of everything that the care worker and the care setting do. The individual’s needs and emotions are the focal point, and any difficulties are resolved in the interest of the person with dementia (rather than attempting to change the behaviour of the individual). It places the person at the centre of all – thinking, discussions, processes and procedures. The person- centred approach also sees the interactions between the person and different elements within their support systems as being of paramount importance, and therefore places emphasis on supporting the system that supports the person i.e. the family and friends, and other professionals. Person centred approach seeks to view the person with dementia as a whole and considers how the person is influenced by factors beyond the physical changes in their brain. 1.2 Explain why person-centred values must influence all aspects of social care work Person-centered values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. The Human Rights Act 1998 makes it a law that health and social care should be based on person-centered values. 1.3 Explain how person-centred values should influence all aspects of social care work If person-centered values become guidelines for health and social care practices. It will definitely help to provide anti-discriminatory practices and help to promote and support individual’s rights to equal opportunities, dignity, independence, choice and safety 2.1Explain how finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual contributes to their care plan. Finding out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of a customer, when writing their care plan, ensures: Needs and wishes of the customers are met in their daily routine The Care worker has a factual reference point with which to encourage conversation with the customer Helps the Care worker to understand the customer and therefore have empathy which will result in a high level of care 2.2Describe ways to put person centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive situation. I have a customer who is blind; he lives in the house with his wife. He has 4 children, when we started their care, 3 of his children did not speak to him. The one daughter and their grand daughter took care of shopping (online) amongst other things. His wife went into hospital and the children blame him (never explaining to the care provider how or why this was the case) As the care worker for the customer I naturally have the gentleman’s needs first and foremost. Whilst I was on one of my visits to the customer (this day was usually to receive the online shop and put away amongst other things), I rang my manager as the delivery had not come and time was running out before I went to my next customer. I requested that they ring the family member and was informed that there would be no delivery as the customer had stated that he did not want any more deliveries. When I spoke with the customer he was not aware of this and asked me what he should do. I spoke with my office and asked if it was ok for me to do his shop as I knew what foods he liked, where he liked his shop to be done and also the fact that he trusted me to do this for him as I was his regular carer. The customer was happy for me to do this and I was able to calm him down talking about things that I knew were of interest to him. 2.3Evaluate the use of care plans in applying person centred values I believe that care plans are essential in applying person centred values as when dealing with a customer you must have a thorough medical history so you  can deal with their needs effectively and also deal with the medical services GP/Paramedics. A full history on the background of the customer is also important, knowing what work they have done, what are their hobbies and interests, family members that they may have and how they may help them in their lives, as it is a conversation point and shows that you are interested in the customer and their lives. Knowing your customer gives you an understanding and an empathy with them. 2.4Explain the importance of monitoring an individual’s changing needs or preferences. It is very important to monitor and record a customers changing needs or preferences as it will help to make the customer more comfortable and happy that their requests are being heard and acted upon. It is also important because it will let other carers about any changes and if the customer is acting unusual or saying things that do not seem quiet right the this may be due to the fact that they have a UTI or be unwell in some way. 3.1Describe factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent It is crucial for a care worker to be aware and take the matter carefully, because the capability to make decisions among individuals are different. It may look quiet simple o think that people with mental impairment, physical illness or people who have got language barriers, may have a lack of capabilities to express agreement. A care worker will understand how to work sensitively with customers individually and design goals to achieve a successful outcome. The mental capacity act states that every adult has the right to make their own decisions. It must be assumed that they have the capacity to do so, unless it has been proven otherwise. It also states people should be supported in making their own decisions. 3.2Explain how to establish consent for an activity or action. Consent for an activity or action must done in writing and signed by the  customer/family member or a person acting on the customers behalf. 3.3Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. Consent (permission) must be given before care can be given to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be considered assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired customer requires care, then consent is â€Å"implied,† as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. 4.1Explain the principles of active participation Active participation is a partnership between a customer and the care workers whom support them; it is designed around the customers, letting them choose to live their life as independently as possible 4.2Explain how the holistic needs of an individual can be addressed by active participation. Holistic means whole so by a customer being involved in active participation it will treat the customer as a whole. Active participation is will enhance the customers life both mentally and physically. They will benefit by being stimulated by the interaction of others and the activity. 4.3Explain how to work with an individual and others to agree how active participation will be implemented. Firstly you must determine the best way to communicate with the customer you must then determine what activity would be of interest to the customer Contact the relevant professional and arrange a meeting to see how they may actively participate in the activity. A taster session may be given to confirm that the customer is happy to continue. Once the customer is happy with the activity then arrangements for the activity can be confirmed. 4.4Explain how to promote the understanding and use of active participation. Discussion and encouragement with the customer Providing useful information and choice. Using friends and family to encourage Using appropriate activity Pier group encouragement Highlight the benefits of the different activities 5.1Describe different approaches to support an individual to make informed choices. How you support an individual to make informed choices depends predominantly on the customer’s abilities or inabilities. The main support you can give them is information so they can make an informed choice and once they have that information then they are able to make that decision. If a customer is unable to speak then you can give them visual options so they can show you what interest them and what they would like to do. You can also refer to the care plan for extra information on how to best support your customer with their choices. Some customers may have problems with the memory, therefore discussing their choices and writing them down so they have a reference point. 5.2Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that they are made by others. I believe that giving customers the information they need is vital. You can support them by :- Offering to attend any meeting they may have to offer moral support Finding out the information which they may need. Speaking on the customers behalf (if they are not able to speak) Making written notes for customers so they have the information they need in front of them. 5.3Explain the consequences of allowing the personal views of others to influence an individual’s choices If you allow the personal views of others to influence a customers choice then you may find that:- The customer will not have an interest the choices being made May become insular and feel undervalued as their opinion was not taken into consideration. It may spoil the relationship between the customer and carer. Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem Just because someone is older/ill it does not mean that they cannot keep their own identity. When looking after a customer in their own home you are trying as a carer to help the person maintain as normal and unchanged life as possible. Helping them to remain as independent as possible. 6.1 Explain the links between identity, self image and self esteem The links between identity, self image and self esteem I believe are as follows:- Identity is knowing who you are and what you what identifies you as THE person you are – with that comes self image which again identifies you as THE person who dresses the way you do, wears your hair the way you do etc, with keeping that same identiy and same self image it contributes how you feel about yourself and/or your self esteem. If you are able to keep all of the above in place for a customer then it will benefit them greatly in their day to day life and in any recovery. 6.2Explain factors that contribute to the well-being of an individual Factors which contribute to the well-being of a customer may be as follows:- Familiar Surroundings – living in their own homes and surrounded by their possession People contact – daily contact with people especially family members and friends Good Care Plans – an indepth care plan can give the care worker the knowledge on how to look after the customer to a high standard 6.3 Explain the importance of supporting an individual in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self image and self esteem To enable a customer to live independently in their own home, giving them a sense of identity, self image and self esteem can I believe help in the physical recover of a customer. If they have dementia then it is vital that they keep the identity as familiarity is very important, to make them feel more at ease with what is a very confusing and sometimes upsetting time. 6.4Describe ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being In order to contribute in a positive way, you must firstly know what makes the individual tick Surround the customer with familiar possessions, environment and family and friends. Give the customers the information that they need to feel confident. Enable them to feel confident to question things that make them feel safer 7.1 Compare different uses of risk assessment in adult social care settings There are various uses for doing risk assessments in an adult social care setting Accident Prevention: – carrying out work directions to ensure the safety of the customer and others Prevention of injury to individuals:- Ensuring the correct handling of customers so injury does not happen Prevention of injury to workers and other professional individuals: – Again ensuring the correct handling of customers so the care worker or other professionals are not going to put themselves at risk of injury. Description of procedures or steps:- Ensuring that everything in the written to an exacting standard so other care workers will know the correct steps to ensure the safety of the customer and the care worker. To meet Legal requirements – Rightly so there are rules/regulations and guidelines put into place to protect the customers, care workers and other professionals. These are again done, to protect all concerned. 7.2Explain how risk-taking assessments relate to rights and responsibilities. There are guidelines to follow when doing a risk assessment which are put into place for reasons mainly relating to:- Legal requirement Prevention of danger and harm Clear guidance and instructions. All these are once again for the benefit of customers/care workers and other professionals. 7.3Explain how risk-taking relate to rights and responsibilities. We all need to take some risks in order to have as full a life as possible. Customers have the right to choose the risks they want to take but have the responsibility not to put others in danger. You have a responsibility to support their choices whilst keeping them as safe as possible. 7.4Explain why risk assessments need to be regularly revised Risk Assessments need to be regularly revisited as circumstances change i.e. condition of the customer and that of their surroundings. 7.5 Explain the importance of using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice Using agreed risk assessment processes to support choice are essential as this supports the safety and well being of the customer and that of the care worker and other professionals who come in contact with the customer and their property. It is essential to discuss the risk assessment with the customers as they are the people best placed to make a contribution.

Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION 1. Assalamualaikum and Good evening , on behalf of my group I welcome you all to the presentation on FOREIGN EXCHANGE GUIDELINES IN BANGLADESH AND FINDING IN THE PROCESS ITS USER FRIENDLYNESS . Ladies and Gentlemen , the very word foreign exchange refers to foreign currency in general but crucially in text-book terms it refers to the process or mechanism by which currency of one country is converted into the currency of another country . Usually such conversion takes place in the occasion of foreign trade i. e. xport or import or remittance of earnings both inward and outward by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , then in case of Foreign Direct Investments or at individual level for the purpose of traveling or official visits both by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 2. Like any other country , to regulate and control smooth functioning of such Foreign Exchange in Bangladesh , Foreign Exchange Regulations are issued by the Government of Bangladesh as well as by the Ban gladesh Bank in the form of Notifications which are published in the Bangladesh Gazette .Now the Regulations which provides the legal basis for regulating all payments and dealings of foreign exchange in Bangladesh is known as Foreign Exchange Regulation (FER) Act , 1947 (Act No. VII of1947) , that was enacted on 11th March, 1947 in the then British India , subsequently adapted by Pakistan and eventually after necessary corrections and modifications by appropriate authority it was reproduced and adapted in Bangladesh and is still in vogue . Ladies and Gentlemen by law it is the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ! 947 that rules all sorts of transactions of FE in Bangladesh . 1 AIM 3. To provide General Idea on Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Foreign Currency Transactions in common occasions in Bangladesh in a limited scale and deduce as to whether it is user-friendly . SCOPE 4. The topic will be discussed under the following heads ; a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign- Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . . b. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . c.Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment. d. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . e. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. f. Userfriendlyness of Foreign Exchange Regulations in Bangladesh . 2 5. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange . 1) Money . The term ‘Money’ in modern sense is used to describe actual money in the form of coin or notes or in any other form which passes freely from hand to hand as the recognised media of value exchange inside or outside the country . (2) Currency . ‘ Cu rrency ’ is a generic term and covers not only the actual coins and paper notes in a country but also any credit instruments which convey the right to wealth in terms of any given unit such as cheques , money orders , travelers cheques , promissory notes , bills of exchange etc . 3) Foreign Currency . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Currency’ means any currency other than Bangladeshi Currency i. e. Taka. (4) Foreign Exchange . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Exchange’ means foreign currency and includes any instrument drawn , accepted or issued under all deposits , credits and balance payable in foreign currency and any drafts , travelers cheques and bills of exchange expressed or drawn in Bangladeshi Currency but payable in any Foreign Currency . 5) Resident . Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 stipulates that any person who has at any time after the commencement of Act been resident in Bangladesh be treated as resident in;CONT Bangladesh until Banglad esh Bank by general or special order 3 directs otherwise. For the purpose of the said Act, ordinarily, a resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has established a place of business in Bangladesh.A person is deemed to be ordinarily resident if he maintains a home in Bangladesh or resides in the country for a substantial part of each year or pays income tax as a resident of Bangladesh and falls under any of following category ; (a) persons holding Office in the Service of the Republic ofBangladesh who go abroad or who are already abroad and residingoutside Bangladesh for the time being either on duty or on leave, (b) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for work or self employment, c) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for study under student visa, (d) foreign nationals staying in Bangladesh with residence visa, (e) officials of Bangladesh Government and public sector undertakings deputed abroad on assignment with foreign governments/organisations or posted to t heir own offices (including Bangladesh Diplomatic Missions abroad) and (f) foreign nationals residing continuously in Bangladesh for six months or more would be treated as residents. (6) Non-Resident .A non-resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has a place of business outside Bangladesh. Non-residents include Bangladesh nationals who go out of Bangladesh for any purpose. On the other hand, the fact that a person gives an address in Bangladesh does not necessarily mean that he should be regarded as a resident if he is, in fact, only a temporary visitor and is ordinarily resident elsewhere . 4 (7) Authorised Dealers . The term Authorised Dealer or AD would means a bank authorised by Bangladesh Bank to deal in foreign exchange under the FER Act, 1947. (8) Money Changers .The term â€Å"Money Changer† means a sole proprietorship or partnership firm/company licensed by Bangladesh Bank under â€Å"FER Act, 1947† to act as Money Changer for dealing in certain f oreign exchange transactions as directed by Bangladesh Bank from time to time. b. Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign ExchangeTransactions . Basiacally and Most commonly Foreign Exchange Transaction takes place in the following occasions ; (1) In case of any International Trade involving Export , Import . (2) In case of Remittance of All Income (both inward and outward) and All kinds of Commercial Remittances . 3) All Foreign Investments and Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) . (4) All kinds of International Travels and Visits (Official & Unoffcial ) by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 5 6. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . a. Authorized Dealers (ADs) . In exercise of the powers conferred by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947 ; certain schedule banks which are authorized to deal in Foreign Exchange by Bangladesh Bank . The selected branches of bank which are thus entrusted to transact such FE business is known as Authorized Dealers (ADs).The ADs are authorized to make all sorts of Foreign Exchange Transactions including money changing in accordance with the guidelines provided by Bangladesh Bank . As a prerequisite to become AD a schedule bank has to obtain Authorized Dealership Licence from Bangladesh Bank after following certain prescribed procedures and after fulfilling certain requirements laid down by Bangladesh Bank . Certain regulations as per FER act 1947 ; applicable for ADs are as follows ; (1) It is only Bangladesh Bank which can issue licences normally to scheduled banks to deal in foreign exchange foe becoming ADs .All applications for Authorised Dealer Licence has to be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka with a declaration that ‘Guidelines on Managing Core Risks in Banking' (as prescribed by Bangladesh Bank vide Circular No. 17, dated 07 October, 2003) pertaining to treasury function s in foreign exchange are already in place and all steps have been taken by the bank for internal monitoring and supervision of the branches for carrying out foreign exchange transactions. ) Besides, the banks also have to provide information showing that it has adequate manpower trained in foreign exchange and there is prospect to attract reasonable volume of foreign exchange business in the desired location and the applicant bank meticulously complies with the instructions of the Bangladesh Bank especially with regard to submission of periodical returns. 6 b. Authorized Money Changers . In addition to the ADs in FE , Bangladesh Bank also authorizes certain Banks located in the port area or in and around BOPs and establishments like certain Hotels and Shops to buy and sale foreign currency in exchange of local currency .Such banks and establishments in whose favour such licences of Authorization are granted are known as Authorized Money Changers . From Capacity point of view there are two types of Money Changers ; ‘ Full-Fledged Money Changers ‘ which are authorized to both purchase and sell foreign currency and Restricted Money Changers ’ which are authorized only to purchase foreign currency notes and Travellers Cheques and under compulsion are subject to the condition that all such FE collections are surrendered by them to ADs at official rate . Certain Regulations applicable for them are as follows ; 1) The authorisations are granted to persons or firms of adequate means and status who, in the opinion of the Bangladesh Bank, will be able to conduct their dealings strictly in accordance with the foreign exchange regulations. Applications for the grant of licences with limited scope should be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka. (2) Money Changer shall have no branch office. The premise to be used for money changing business shall not be used for any other business activity. Money Changers are allowed to buy foreign currency notes, coins and TCs from incoming foreign and Bangladesh nationals coming/returning from abroad. (3) Money Changers will sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs only to outgoing Bangladesh nationals subject to a maximum limit of USD 1000 or equivalent in the form of cash and /or TC. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent shall require valid visa. Money Changers may also sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs to outgoing foreign nationals having duly issued encashment certificates, subject to a maximum limit of USD 500 or equivalent . (4) The Money Changers shall fix their own exchange rates for purchase and sale of foreign currency notes and coins and TC and the rates shall be displayed prominently at their counters. (5) Any change in money changer's office location shall require prior approval of Bangladesh Bank. Applications for changing office location should be forwarded to the General Manager, Fo reign Exchange Operation Department, Bangladesh Bank . c.Foreign Accounts and Credit Instrument for Foreign Exchange. Generally the movement of Foreign Currencies or FE Transactions are settled through Banking System . Usually the banks which are ADs ; maintain FE departments and indeed are the main channels through which international payments are being made . Such banks may have their branches in various countries abroad or where that is not possible may get affiliated with some overseas bank ready to act as their agent which are then known as correspondents .In order to effect FE transactions these banks maintain certain types of Accounts in their own names in various Foreign Currencies . Infact payments of various bill as per different terms of payment are made through such accounts . (1) Types of Foreign Accounts . (a) Nostro Accounts . ‘Nostro’ means ‘Ours’ in Latin . These are the accounts maintained by concerned Bangladeshi Bank with each of their c orrespondent banks . It is also known as Foreign Currency Account in some countries . 8 (b) Vostro Accounts . ’Vostro’ means ‘Yours’ in latin .The current accounts in domestic currency maintained with the local banks by any Foreign Bank are Called Vostro Accounts or Local Currency Accounts . Usually vostro accounts are opened and maintained by local banks which are acting as the Correspondents to some Foreign Banks . (c) Loro Accounts . A Foreign Banks Account of any third party , whether in foreign currency or in local currency is referred to as ‘Loro’ or ‘Their’ Account . (d) Certain Regulations about Foreign Accounts . i) ADs may maintain accounts in freely convertible currencies with their correspondents/branches abroad. i) The ADs may enter into transactions for sale or purchase of foreign currencies with other ADs, foreign correspondents and overseas branches provided that all such transactions must be reported to the Bangla desh Bank in the appropriate Returns, daily exchange position statement and daily interbank transaction statement . iii) Banks are always required to submit a ‘Statement of monthend position of un-reconciled nostro account entries' containing summary of un-reconciled nostro account entries at the end of each month. v) The ADs may obtain short term loans and overdrafts for a period not exceeding 7 days at a time from overseas branches and correspondents at the going market rates to meet their short term needs . 9 (2) Credit Instruments and Terms of Payment . FE Transaction may take effect in the form of any of the followings as per different terms of payment which can be short , medium or long ; (a) Telephone Transfers (TT) , (b) Mail Transfers (MT) , (c) Bankers Draft , (d) Bills of Exchange , (e) Letter of Credit (LC) , (f) Stock Draft , (g) Personal Cheques , (h) SWIFT , (i) Currency Notes and Coins , j) International Money Orders , (k) Travellers Cheques , (l) Credit Cards etc . The different terms of payment set by the traders in this regard can be ; Documentary Letter of Credit ( L/C ) , Documents Against Payment ( DP ), Documents on Acceptance ( DA ) , Consignment Sale , Value payable(VP) / Cash on Delivery (COD) or could be Suppliers Credit and Buyers Credit . 10 7. Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment . a. FE Regulations for Exports in General . (1) Foreign exchange regulations regarding exports cover all goods xported to all destinations regardless of whether they are subject to Export Trade Control Regulations. Similarly, nothing in the foreign exchange regulations relieves the exporters from the necessity of complying with the Export Trade Control Regulations prescribed by the Government, including the necessity of obtaining export licences in case of goods the export of which requires such licence. (2) All exports to which the requirement of declaration applies, must be declared on the EXP Form (Appendix 5/19). These forms will be supplied by the ADs to their exporter clients. 3) Payment for goods exported from Bangladesh should be received through an AD in freely convertible foreign currency or in Taka from a non-resident Taka Account. Receipts against exports under various barter and bilateral arrangements should be settled as per instructions issued by the Bangladesh Bank from time to time, (4) The ADs should, before certifying any EXP form, ensure that the exporter is registered with the CCI under the Registration (Importers and Exporters) Order 1952. The registration number should be quoted on the relative EXP forms. 11 ) In the case of commodities export of which is subject to receipt of advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC (such as raw jute), shipments will be allowed by the Customs only on the basis of the certificate of the AD on the EXP forms to the effect that either advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC has been received covering expor t of the goods mentioned on the EXP form. 6) The period prescribed by the Bangladesh Bank within which full foreign exchange proceeds of exports must be received by exporters is four months (Vide Bangladesh Bank Notification No. FE 1/77-BB dated 16th April, 1977).If the receipt of the full proceeds of any shipment is delayed beyond this period without a special or general authorisation from the Bangladesh Bank, the exporter will be liable to action under the FER Act. (7) Before paying out money against remittances received from abroad, whether against purchase of foreign currency or debit to a non-resident taka account of a foreign bank in case where purpose of the remittance is stated to be advance receipt for goods to be exported from Bangladesh, the AD should obtain a declaration from the beneficiary on the â€Å"Advance Receipt Voucher† certifying the purpose of the remittance. 8) Unless specific approval is obtained from Bangladesh Bank, the entire export proceeds in cas e of both physical and non-physical export, must be repatriated within four months of export as usual. 12 b. FE Regulations for Export Processing Zones (EPZs) . (1) EPZ s have been established by the Act namely, Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority Act, 1980. The following types of industrial units operate in the EPZs: (a) Type A: 100 percent foreign owned including those owned by Bangladeshi nationals ordinarily resident abroad. b) Type B: Joint venture projects between foreign and Bangladesh entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. (c) Type C: 100 percent Bangladeshi entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. The broad guidelines relating to the operation of industrial enterprises in the EPZs are contained in the † Principles and Procedures governing setting up of industries in EPZ† issued by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA). (2) Exports from EPZs are subject to the usual requirement of declaration of exports in EXP Form and repatriation of export proceeds.For identification, EXP forms for these exports should be rubber stamped or over printed with words † â€Å"EXPORT FROM EPZ† in bold letters. (3) Sales of Bangladeshi goods or raw materials to the enterprises in EPZ against payment in foreign currency shall be treated as exports from Bangladesh and normal foreign exchange regulations concerning declaration of exports on EXP Forms and repatriation of proceeds is applicable to these exports to the EPZ enterprises. 13 C.FE Regulations for Import . (1) Import of goods into Bangladesh is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce in terms of the Import and Export (Control) Act, 1950, through Import Policy Order (IPO) in force and Public Notices issued from time to time by the Office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI&E). The instructions contained in this chapter apply to sales of foreign exchange or transfers to nonresident taka accounts against import of goods into Bangladesh.In terms of the Importers , Exporters and Indentors (Registration) Order, 1981 no person can import goods into Bangladesh unless he is registered with the CCI&E or exempted from the provisions of the said Order. Before Letter of Credit Authorisation Form (LCAF) is issued or Letter of credit (LC) is opened or remittance is made for imports into Bangladesh the AD should verify that the importer is registered with the CCI&E or otherwise exempted from such registration. The AD should ensure that the registration number of the importer is invariably furnished on the IMP form.Where the importer is exempted from such registration, a suitable mention of this fact should be made on the IMP form. (2) The ADs must ensure that they deal only with known customers having a place of business in Bangladesh and can be traced easily should any occasion arise for this purpose. Opening of LCs and payments for imports into Bangladesh should be made through an AD in the area where the holder of the LCAF is resident . In case the importer is a new customer, the AD should obtain certificate from the AD through which the applicant imported earlier to the effect that no bill of entry is due/overdue for submission by the mporter. 14 (3) The aggregate amount of foreign exchange sold against an LCAF whether under LC or otherwise, should not exceed the value mentioned in the LCAF, In case where LC was opened and remittance is needed in a floating currency against which no forward booking has been made, the Taka value of the LCAF shall be deemed to have been increased to the extent of appreciation of the foreign currency for the purpose of allowing remittance by the . d. FE Regulations for Foreign Investments . Foreign investors are free to make investment in Bangladesh in the industrial enterprises excepting a few reserved sectors.An industrial venture may be set up in collaboration with local investors or may even be wholly owned by the foreign investors. No permission of the Bangladesh Bank is needed to set up su ch ventures if the entrepreneurs use their own funds. However, to avail of the facilities and institutional support provided by the Government, entrepreneurs/sponsors may secure registration with the Board of Investment (BOI). 15 8. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . a. FER on Inward Remittance . 1) The term â€Å"Inward Remittances† includes not only remittance by T. T. , M. T. , Drafts etc. , but also purchases of bills, purchases of drafts under Travellers' Letters of Credit and purchases of Travellers' Cheques. (2) The ADs may freely purchase foreign currencies or raise debits to non-resident Taka Accounts of the respective bank branches and correspondents. Remittances equivalent to US$ 2000 and above should be reported. Remittances received against exports should be certified and reported on EXP Forms. 3) There is no objection to the ADs obtaining reimbursement from non-resident banks in freely convertible foreign currency in respect of Taka bills and drafts purchased by them under instructions from such a non-resident bank whether under Letters of Credit or under other arrangements. (4) If an inward remittance already reported to the Bangladesh Bank is cancelled, either in full or in part, because of non-availability of beneficiary or for any other reason, the ADs must report the cancellation of the inward remittance as an outward remittance on TM form. 16 b.FER on Outward Remittance . (1) Most outward remittances either in its entirety or upto a certain limit set by Bangladesh Bank may be approved by the ADs, following declaration of Taka as convertible for current account payments from March, 1994. However, the limits of release of foreign exchange set forth in this Guidelines are indicative . (2) All remittances from Bangladesh to a foreign country or local currency credited to non-resident Taka accounts of foreign banks or convertible Taka account constitute outward remittances of foreign exchange.ADs must exercise utmost caution to ensure that foreign currencies remitted or released by them are used only for the purposes for which they are released; they should also maintain proper records for submission of returns to Bangladesh Bank as also for the latter's inspection from time to time. (3) In all cases of purchase of foreign currency, an application must be made to an AD. For payments against imports into Bangladesh, the prescribed application form must be used .On receipt of the application from the client/customer, the ADs may effect the sale of foreign exchange if they are empowered to approve the application. If the transaction requires prior approval of the Bangladesh Bank, the application should be forwarded by the AD to the Bangladesh Bank for consideration. (4) Applications for Bangladesh Bank's prior approval for outward remittances, wherever required, should be submitted to the Bangladesh Bank only through the ADs and not by their customers directly. 7 (5) The amount rele ased must not exceed the authorised limit. Also, the instructions, if any, given in the approval with regard to the amounts to be released periodically e. g. monthly or quarterly must be strictly adhered to. (6) All authorisations for selling foreign exchange for outward remittances given by the Bangladesh Bank usually remain valid for a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of approval . c. Commercial remittance . Commercial Remittance can be both inward and outward .It originates from numerous sectors and in various forms . (1) Inward remittances are usually originated from freight and passage charges applicable for cargoes carried by Land Transportation , Airliner and Shipping industry . It also comes from individuals during their travels in various ports . (2) Whereas Outward remittance is originates from local distributors of the overseas cable channels . 18 9. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. a.FER for Bangladeshi Nat ionals Travelling Abroad . 1) The amount of foreign exchange released by an AD to a traveller with the approval of the Bangladesh Bank or under general recorded by them on the traveler's valid passport as well as ticket under their stamp and signature at the time of release of such exchange. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent will require valid visa. However, while issuing foreign exchange to the Diplomats/Privileged persons/UN personnel, Govt. fficials travelling on official duties, such endorsement in their passports need not be made . (2) The ADs may release foreign exchange upto US$ 1000 or equivalent per person during a calendar year to Bangladesh nationals proceeding by air to destinations in SAARC member countries and Myanmar; within this annual limit, upto US$ 500 or equivalent may be issued per person for overland travels to the aforesaid countries.Also for visits of Bangladesh nationals to destinations in countries other than those mentioned abo ve, upto US$ 3000 per person may be issued during a calendar year. However, foreign exchange in the form of cash must not exceed US$ 2000 at any one instance. For resident Bangladesh nationals proceeding abroad against one way ticket for valid job or migrating abroad, the release of foreign exchange shall not exceed the half of the un-used balance of the annual travel entitlement of the person concerned in the calendar year.Irrespective of foreign exchange entitlement, the outgoing passenger is permitted to take upto Bangladesh Taka 500 in cash at each time. . 19 (3) The annual quotas mentioned above are for adult passengers. For minors (below 12 years in age) the applicable quota will be half the amount allowable to adults . (4) While releasing foreign exchange for travel purposes the ADs should ensure that: (a) the intending traveller is a client of the AD bank or is sufficiently well known to the AD bank for it to be satisfied about the bonafide of the application. b) the intendi ng traveller is in possession of a confirmed air ticket (where applicable) for journey to be undertaken. (c) the amount released is endorsed on the passport and air ticket (where applicable) of the traveller with indelible ink, with the signature and name of the AD branch embossed in the passport and ticket (where applicable) (d) For official or semi-official visits abroad by the officials of Government/Autonomous/Semi-autonomous institutions etc. ADs may release foreign exchange as per entitlements fixed by the Ministry of Finance/respective competent authority from time to time. In such cases, the applicant for foreign exchange shall be required to submit the Competent Authority's Order/Notification /Circular authorising the travel abroad . 20 b. FER for Travels and Visits of Foreign National . The ADs may issue foreign currency TCs to foreign nationals without any limit and foreign currency notes upto USD 2000 per person against surrender of equivalent amounts in foreign currenci es.The TCs and foreign currency notes should, however, be delivered only on production of a ticket for a destination outside Bangladesh and the amount issued should be endorsed on the relative passports. c. Import of Foreign Currency Notes . (1) In terms of Bangladesh Bank Notification Nos FE-1/03-BB dated 6th January, 2003 and FE-1/04-BB dated 23rd March, 2004 any person may bring into Bangladesh from any place outside Bangladesh without any limit foreign currency notes or bank notes other than ; (a) Un-issued notes and coins. (b) Notes legal tender in Bangladesh in excess of Taka 500 in value.Provided that the concerned person makes a written declaration to the Customs Authorities at the time of arrival, in FMJ Form of the entire amount; no declaration will however, be necessary if the amount brought in does not exceed US$ 5000 or its equivalent in foreign currency and does not exceed Taka 500 in notes legal tender in Bangladesh. (2) Sending into Bangladesh by post/courier or othe rwise of any currency note, bank note or coin by any person from abroad without general or specific permission from the Bangladesh Bank is prohibited. 1 d. Export of Foreign Currency Notes . . (1) Any person ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may take out foreign exchange not exceeding US$ 5000 or its equivalent which was brought in without declaration at the time of returning from abroad. (2) Any person not ordinarily resident in Bangladesh including Bangladesh Nationals working abroad may take out of Bangladesh any amount in foreign exchange not exceeding the amount declared by him to the Customs Authority on arrival in Bangladesh.However, such a person may take out at the time of leaving Bangladesh foreign exchange not exceeding US $ 5,000 or its equivalent brought in without declaration to the Customs Authority on his arrival in Bangladesh. (3) It is not permissible to send currency notes and coins out of Bangladesh by post/courier or any other means. 22 10. Findings on Whether F ER is User-Friendly . On the basis of reasonable Studies and Analysis done on the topic followings could be deduced in this regard ; . Firstly , because of less of restrictions imposed on Foreign Currency Accounts the FER in general seems more user friendly for Outward Remittance as unlike other countries it facilitates easy remitting of any amount abroad . b. Secondly the FE rate being allowed to be dictated by open market rather than by central bank , it results in frequent inflation which goes in favour of export trade than facilitating import trade . c.Thirdly , FER facilitates easy inflow and outflow of foreign currency during travels or visits made by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , while being less liberal in this regard on local currency . d. Fourthly , less of monitoring facilities on ADs and Money Changers makes it possible sometimes to artificially overvalue foreign currency thus giving rise to inflation making it generally user friendly to the Foreign Currency h olders than to local currency bearers . e .Last but not the least for less of practice of existing rules and corruption of certain levels of regulating authority the country as a whole does not seem to rip the benefit out of the FER rather other countries seems to enjoy so . 23 CONCLUSION 11 . Although the presentation on Foreign Exchange Regulation was made on a limited scale , but the process allowed our group to have a proper realization about the fact that in case of our personal and professional life ; ther is no scope of being ignorant or having less of knowledge on FER .As in that case it may either make us suffer or make pay heavy price during our travels or while doing business . 12. It is thus needless to mention that it is to the best of our interest that we take good effort in acquiring knowledge in this regard and in future make best utilization of that knowledge in taking important decisions both in our personal and professional life and career . Thank you . 24